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• There were a stubborn core of senators who were disturbed by Caesar's success.
• their concern deepened further when in 44 B.B. he secured a vote from the senate making him dictator for life.
• Caesar never ruled by terror like Sulla. But they both didn't want to give up their high position
• In the view of the diehard senators, Caesar had become a Greek style tyrant- and there was a traditional way of getting rid of tyrants
• Caesar appeared in the senate house unarmed and unguarded and a crowd of senators struck him to death with daggers 23 times
• Caesars death did not restore the Republic instead it produced another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war.
• the main contenders were; Mark Anthony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; The leading assassins, Brutus and Cassius; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar.
• Mark Anthony and Octavian were rival loyalist of Caesar and each used to attract some of Caesars legion which they used to fight a brutal battle war against each other in Italy
• The two then joined together to take down the assassins in Greece.
• The partners then divided the Roman world with Octavian based in Rome; Lepidus in North Africa; And mark Anthony in Alexandria
• They're cooperation soon turned to rivalry, and the balance of power began shifting to Octavian.
• Octavian pushed Lepidus out of power and began expanding Rome's frontiers northward toward Danube.
• Finally in 31 B.C. the leaders of the two halves of Rome went to war and Octavian won against Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Actium
• The two then returned to Egypt, committed suicide and Octavian became the supreme warlord the one who finally managed to turn military dictatorship into legitimate and permanent monarchy

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"THE ERA OF THE ROMAN PEACE WAS ONE OF MASSIVE SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS, AND CULTURAL CHANGES THAT WOULD FORM A NEW PATTERN OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION.

• Augustus's new system of government kept many features of the roman republic, allowed subject peoples a good deal of self rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing expansion to a halt. The result was two hundred years of stability that modern scholars call the Roman peace.
• Roman literature and art, philosophy and la, architecture and engineering, were often inspired by Greek models. but roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as a model for future western development
• In many ways the dominant international civilization undermined the traditions of other peoples of the empire
• The era of Roman peace was one of massive social, religious, and cultural changes that would form a new pattern of western civilization.

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• The senate conferred on him anew title, Augustus ("Revered One")
• 27 B.C. the year generally accepted as the end of the Republic and the beginning of the rule of the Roman Emperors
•  Unlike Sulla and Caesar, Augustus refused the offer of a long term dictatorship and referred to himself simply as princeps ("first citizen") a name given to leaders that are considered indispensable to the Republic.
• the title he held the longest was Tribune of the people
• by arrangement of the senate in 27 B.C. Augustus became commander in chief of the armed forces and the senate supervised the city and Italy
• After he won supreme power shrines were built so people could sacrifice to Rome and Augustus because they thought that Augustus sent as a god who embodied Rome's beneficial rule.